Initial Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with the Addition of Camera and Cooling System

Solar panels have been widely used to determine solar energy as an electrical energy generator. However, the installation of solar panels is still static, so it cannot follow the sun's movement optimally. Solar panels with dual-axis tracking have a wide range in the tracking process. The range that can be tracked by dual-axis tracking is azimuth angle and altitude, while single-axis tracking can only choose one side of the angle. In this study, the initial design of the dual-axis solar tracking system was made with cameras and cooling systems combined with heatsinks and tubular pipes. The design made is in the form of a CAD design using SolidWorks software, and the design made will be used for subsequent research, In this solar panel, the fill factor results are 0.634, and the efficiency of solar panels is 17.53% with the addition of a cooling system which can reduce the temperature of solar panels is expected to be higher efficiency. The study results were obtained in the design of a solar tracker with the addition of a cooling system that will later reduce the temperature and increase the efficiency of solar panel about 0.38% every 1℃ decreases of temperature.


Introduction
Energy is the primary energy source for human progress and prosperity, with the continuous development of times and civilizations.Energy use is also becoming steadily increasing at a fast time.It requires a massive amount of energy and energy reserves to prevent the instability of human society.The thing to do is to process and process more fossil fuels to get a lot of energy [1].But along with the use of fossil fuels that have been too much, making these fossil fuels also depleted.This results in fossil fuels becoming scarce and prices increasing, and their products' effects cause pollution and depleted fossil fuels.These developments in fossil fuels are becoming scarce, costs are increasing, and the impact of their products causes pollution [2].Therefore, it is vital to source new environmentally friendly energy that can continue to be renewable to replace conventional energy.Renewable energy is an appropriate substitute for conventional energy because it is produced by utilizing energy sources from nature that can be renewable continuously and unlimitedly.Solar energy, wind energy, and hydropower energy are part of renewable energy [3].
Solar panels have been widely used to determine solar energy as an electrical energy generator.However, the installation of solar panels is still static, so it cannot follow the sun's movement optimally [4].Compared to static panels, panels with solar trackers can overcome the solution of solar panels that cannot follow the movement of the sun optimally [5].This solar tracker can be divided into two types, namely single-axis tracking and dual-axis tracking.Solar panels with dual-axis tracking have a wide range in the tracking process.The range that can be tracked by dual-axis tracking is azimuth angle and altitude, while single-axis tracking can only choose one side of the angle [6].
Not only the use of solar trackers that can increase the power efficiency of panel output, but the emission of solar radiation that hits the surface of solar panels is only about 20% converted into electrical energy.In contrast, the rest is converted into heat.Also, the increase in temperature on the surface of solar panels has an impact on decreasing the efficiency of output power [7].
Various studies have been conducted on optimizing solar tracker design and adding cooling systems.The focus of the study is the influence of the movement of solar panels and the addition of cooling systems to be the essential factor in maximizing the potential power output of solar panels [2]- [8].
In line with the information obtained from the study, research that designs solar trackers, and the addition of cooling systems, some methods have never been done before.In addition, the information obtained from this research can be the basis for development that can be further researched to increase the efficiency of solar panels.Therefore, this study aims to design a solar tracker by adding a cooling system, which drains the water in tubular pipes and adds heatsinks on the bottom surface of solar panels.

A. Solar Tracker
Solar tracking systems are generally classified into two groups, namely by tilting and rotating, included in the classification of single-axis solar tracking systems and dual-axis solar tracking systems.
The single-axis solar tracking system only uses one axis to move the solar panel against the angle of inclination of the sun.In contrast, the dual-axis solar tracking system uses two axes of rotation to capture the sun's movement.These two axes can use horizontal and vertical axes, including moving solar panels in the east/west and north/south directions [9].

B. Camera Use
The use of the camera is to track the sun's position, while the method used is tracking by finding the lowest pixel point.A microcomputer will process image capture, which will later be carried out in several stages, namely the Gaussian Blur process, to reduce noise in the image results.After that, coordinate point data are obtained, which will later be instructed to move the Linear Actuator so that the position of the solar panel is proper in the direction of the coming sun so that the results of solar panel output will be maximized [5]

C. Cooling System
Heatsink is a device made of conductive metal that can absorb heat from high-temperature parts and dissipate it into the surrounding environment.There are two methods for heat transfer, namely the active method and the passive method [10].
The use of water as an active cooling system on solar panels is also one of the widely used methods because, in addition to lowering the temperature on the surface of solar panels, it can also clean the surface of solar panels from dirt and dust, which is one of the factors that are not optimal solar panel power output [11].
As for the calculations for the cooling rate model.

Method
In the research conducted, there are several methodologies carried out, namely: -Conduct literature studies.
As an initial stage, literature on solar power generation, the development of solar panels, and the parameters used in research derived from books and journal.-Observe system design.
After studying the parameters and design, the parameters and structure of the system are observed.-Design 3D models on SolidWorks.
The experimental designs are implemented as 3D models in SolidWorks software.

Result and Discussion
System design consists of system design, design details, system design, solar panel requirement calculation formula, battery requirement calculation formula, fill factor formula, efficiency formula, and dual-axis tracking integrated with the camera and cooling system.

A. System Design
The system designed this time consists of solar panels, cameras, two linear actuators, and a cooling system.The camera will be placed on the long side of the solar panel, pointing north or south.The first linear actuator moves the solar panel to the east and west, while the second is used to move the solar panel to the north and south.Later, each linear actuator will receive commands from the camera capture through the image processing process.The cooling system method used is to add a heatsink on the bottom surface of the solar panel, which will be drained by water through a tubular pipe.

Solar Panel
The type of solar panel used in this study is a model MS200M-60 Monocrystalline type with a maximum power of 200 Wp.The comparison between Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline types is very significant, and this monocrystalline type shows an efficiency of 14% compared to the polycrystalline type [12].Details of specifications will be shown in Table 1.

Camera
Cameras or webcams are used to track the presence of the sun, which will later be input for microcomputers.

DS18B20 Sensor
This DS18B20 sensor is used to read the temperature on the surface of the solar panel, which will later be sent the readings to drive the DC 12 V water pump.

Solar Charge Controller
This Solar Charge Controller serves to optimize charging on the battery.This study uses the MPPT type because it can maximize battery charging based on the power absorbed by solar panels.This Solar Charge Controller serves to optimize charging on the battery.In this study, using the MPPT type because it can maximize battery charging based on the power absorbed by solar panels [13].

DC Water Pump 12V
DC water pumps with 12V specifications are used to drain water to the surface of solar panels as a cooling system.

Linear Actuator
The linear actuator is specifically used to create movement in a straight-line using inputs provided by the system.This linear actuator can provide movement in one or two directions, i.e., pushing, pulling, or both.The number of linear actuators used in this study is two pieces, which will move in the north/south and east/west directions.Details of the specifications will be shown in Table 2

DC Battery 12V
The 12V DC battery is lead-acid because it has a constant voltage character.It affects the voltage drop on solar panels during cloudy weather conditions [14].The type of lead acid battery used is a VRLA battery specifically designed so that the electrolyte liquid does not spill or leak.

C. Initial System Design
In the system design, we will discuss the flow diagram of how the dual-axis solar tracker works integrated with the camera and the addition of a cooling system.

Solar Panel Requirement Calculation
Calculations are needed to match energy consumption to get the number of solar panels that needs to be used.

Battery Requirement Calculation
It is very necessary to calculate the required battery requirements of this system so as not to be mistaken in use battery requirement calculation.

Fill Factor
The fill factor is one of the quantities that become the performance parameter of solar cells, namely the ratio of the maximum power produced to the multiplication between Voc and Isc.

𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
(6) Where: V mp : Voltage at Pmax (V) In the specifications of the solar panel used, the fill factor value can be found: = 0.634

Efficiency
The efficiency of solar panels can be interpreted as a comparison between energy output and input energy from the sun.The efficiency of these solar panels is also highly dependent on the spectrum and intensity of sunlight.Therefore, paying attention to purchasing components is necessary to get a good efficiency value.

𝜂 = Where: After getting a fill factor value of 0.634.The efficiency value can be found as follows: A fill factor value of 0.634 indicates how much sunlight can be absorbed by solar panels with STC (Standard Test Condition).The efficiency value of 17.53% shows how much solar energy can be converted into electrical energy with STC (Standard Test Condition) where the optimum solar panel temperature is 25°C, solar radiation is 1000W/m2 and water mass is 1.5.STC is a standard used by solar panel companies to determine the efficiency of solar panels.

Dual-Axis Tracking System Integrated with Camera
The design of this system uses dual-axis tracking integrated with the camera, where this tracking will be driven by the image captured by the camera and processed by a microcomputer to produce output to move the linear actuator.

Cooling System
The cooling system is a combination of heatsinks and pipes fed by water.This heatsink is useful as a passive cooling system that, without using energy input to work, only relies on fins to dissipate absorbed heat.Then added, a pipe that is flowed by water, by inserting a tube in each gap of the heatsink fin, which is useful for speeding up the heat dissipation process.By using this heatsink cooling system can reduce the surface temperature of solar panels by 15.9 C, and the efficiency achieved is around 28.65% [10].The use of capillary pipes is also able to reduce the temperature of solar panels is also very good because they can absorb and transfer heat from solar panels through the flow of water in pipes can reduce the temperature of solar panels with a difference of 6.5 °C [15].
The general description of the absorption, dispersion, and heat release process that occurs in solar panels can then be mathematically calculated for the rate of heat absorption and heat distribution through conduction and convection from heat sources.By combining the cooling model using a tubular cooler mounted on the gap of the heatsink fin, heat absorption on the solar panel will be maximized.

Figure 11. Heatsink Design and Tubular Pipe Use
The results of heat reception on solar panels assuming the radiation value per day in 5 hours is 872,060 W/m 2, can be seen in Figure 12.
The highest value at temperature is 194.53°C, and the lowest is 97.37°C.Therefore, using a cooling system that has been designed is expected to reduce the hottest temperature on solar panels.
The heatsink simulation results show that the highest value at the accepted temperature is 49.129°C and the lowest at the accepted temperature is 48.735°C.Thus, using this heatsink can reduce the temperature of solar panels so that the efficiency of solar panels can increase, along with the addition of temperature.
With the results of simulations on heatsinks and radiation simulations on solar panels, it can be concluded that assuming the highest temperature on the heatsink is the highest heat from the solar panel and at the lowest temperature on the heatsink is the absorption and spread of heat so that a decrease in temperature can occur by 0.80%.

Conclusions
The conclusion that can be drawn in the form of a description of the initial design of a dual-axis solar tracker by adding a camera and cooling system with observations from research that has been done is expected to get appropriate results, namely with a decrease every 1℃ will increase efficiency by about 0.38%.So that the efficiency of solar panels that have been calculated without cooling is 17.53%, and based on the results of the solar tracker design and the addition of a cooling system is expected to increase the efficiency.Then further research will be carried out related to the design that has been done and will analyse the results that will be produced.

Figure 5 .Figure 6 .
Figure 5. Side of View of Design Figure 7. Flowchart of Design System

Figure 8 .Figure 10 Figure 9 .
Figure 8. Block Diagram of Dual-Axis Tracking System Integrated with Camera

Figure 12 .Figure 13 .
Figure 12.Simulation results of receiving solar radiation from solar panels

TABLE 1 .
SPECIFICATION OF SOLAR PANEL

TABLE 2 .
SPECIFICATION OF LINEAR ACTUATOR